Ferguson craik and endel tulving psychology

Journal ol Experimental Psychology: General 1975, Vol. 104, No. 3, 268-294 Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory Fergus I.

M. Craik and Endel Tulving University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada SUMMARY Ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972).

The basic notions are that the episodic memory trace may be thought of as a rather automatic by-product of operations carried out by the cognitive system and that the durability of the trace is a positive function of "depth" of processing, where depth refers to greater degrees of semantic involvement.

Subjects were induced to process words to different depths by answering various questions about the words. For example, shallow encodings were achieved by asking questions about typescript; intermediate levels of encoding were accomplished by